Essay on One Hundred Years of solitude - 869 Words

Believed by many to be one of the world’s greatest writers, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American â€Å"Boom.† Affectionately known as â€Å"Gabo† to millions of readers, he first won international fame with his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature. Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, Gabo is above all a brilliant storyteller, and his writing is a tribute to both the power of the imagination and the mysteries of the human heart. In Gabo’s world, where flowers rain from the sky and dictators sell the very ocean, reality is subject to†¦show more content†¦2, 2003, New York Times Magazine. Francisco Goldman on Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez. Solitude amp; Company – Summer 2003, Paris Review. Silvana Paternostro interviews Gabo’s friends and relations. Gabo Misquote – 22 May 03, BBC. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez misquoted on Colombian drug situation. Gabo Support of Cuba – 2 May 03, BBC. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez signs letter defending Cuban government. â€Å"Farewell letter† is a hoax – â€Å"La marioneta,† a poem thought to be Gabo’s â€Å"farewell† is just a strange hoax. Memoria de mis putas tristes Gabo’s new novella, Memories of My Melancholy Whores. (Spanish only) Florencia en el Amazonas A new recording of Daniel Catà ¡n’s opera, inspired by Love in the Time of Cholera. Living to Tell the Tale The English translation of Gabo’s memoirs. The uncertain old man whose real existence was the simplest of his enigmas (Biography) Who is Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez? A biography and timeline, giving the dates of his major works and some of the events that helped shape his writing. Space was changed and time corrected by the designs of his absolute will (Works/Bibliography) A complete bibliography, with a short synopsis and review of his major works. Includes novels, short stories, and works only available in Spanish. â€Å"Books are worthless,† Abrenuncio said with good humor (Reviews) Reviews of works by and about Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez. The guardian angels of poetry took advantage of the opportunity to clarify matters (Criticism) A comprehensive overview of books about Garcà ­aShow MoreRelatedEssay on One Hundred Years of Solitude858 Words   |  4 PagesBelieved by many to be one of the worlds greatest writers, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American Boom. Affectionately known as Gabo to millions of readers, he first won international fame with his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature. Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, Gabo is above all a brilliant storytellerRead Moreâ€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† Magic realism is a writing style in which mythical elements are put into a realistic story but it does not break the narrative flow; rather it helps a reader get a deeper understanding of the reality. Often time’s Latin-American writers utilize this writing technique. It has been speculated by many critics that magic realism appears most often in the literature of countries with long histories of both mythological stories and social turmoil, such as those in CentralRead More The Magic of One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Magic of One Hundred Years of Solitude    The mystical town of Mocondo brings new hope, fantasy and a never ending ride for the people who live there.   Jose Arcadio Buendia, the main character in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), yearns for a life of magic and new discovery, so in his seeking he uncovers the town of Mocondo.   ...A village of twenty adobe houses, built on the bank of a river of clear water that ran along a bed of polished stones, which were whiteRead More The Narrator of One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay691 Words   |  3 Pages The Narrator of One Hundred Years of Solitudenbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Who is this narrator of One Hundred Years of Solitude? He or she knows the whole history of the Buendias better than any of them know it. But the narrator is not quite omniscient. For example, the opening sentence (quoted earlier) and Pilars insight into the axle of time are two of the very few places where the narrator claims to be able to read a characters thoughts. Generally, we get to know characters from closeRead More Progress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude Essay examples2169 Words   |  9 PagesProgress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude   Ã‚   One Hundred Year of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez projects itself among the most famous and ambitious works in the history of literature. Epic in scope,  Marquez weaves autobiography, allegory and historical allusion to create a surprisingly coherent story line about his forebears, his descendants and ours. It has been said that there are only about 18 or so themes that describe the human condition. This quote was made in referenceRead More One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesOne Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez â€Å"The tone that I eventually used in One Hundred Years of Solitude was based on the way my grandmother used to tell stories. She told things that sounded supernatural and fantastic but she told them with complete naturalness†¦. What was most important was the expression she had on her face. She did not change her expression at all when telling her stories and everyone was surprised. In previous attempts to write, I tried to tell theRead MoreOne Hundred Years of Solitude a Novel Lost in Time Essay2977 Words   |  12 PagesOne Hundred Years of Solitude A Novel Lost In Time Zahra Toshani University of Guilan Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences Dr. Barkat PhD. Winter 2011 Table of contents Introduction 1 I. Notion of time and being in Heidegger 2 Existential travel Read MoreEssay on Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude 2873 Words   |  12 PagesGabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By far, Garcia Marquezs most acclaimed work is Cien Anos de Soledad or One Hundred Years of Solitude. As Regina Janes asserts, his fellow novelists recognized in the novel a brilliant evocation of many of their own concerns: a total novel that treated Latin America socially, historically, politically, mythically, and epically, that was at once accessible and intricate, lifelike and self-consciously, self-referentially fictiveRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Gabriel Garcias One Hundred Years of Solitude4355 Words   |  18 PagesAnalysis of Gabriel Garcias One Hundred Years of Solitude Historical roots of Macondo and the Buendia family. One Hundred Years of Solitude is about on imagined mythical town which is named as Macondo. Its foundation, rise, development and death throughout the history of its founders; Buendia family is narrated. It is the evolution and eventual decadence of a small Latin American town and its inhabitants. The novel is dominated by Colombian settings and the Buendia family is a Colombian familyRead MoreEssay on The Seven Deadly Sins in One Hundred Years of Solitude1369 Words   |  6 Pagesbiblical allusions do, in fact, exists in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. According to Diane Andrews Henningfeld, an associate professor at Adrian College who has studied this novel and its ties to history and myths, some of the biblical allusions include the Garden of Eden, the story of Noah’s Ark, and certain characters being portrayed as archetypes. As I was going through different biblical aspects, one very interesting thought occurred to me. Why would an author in clude

Essay on Cancer - 908 Words

Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate gland. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system. This gland is locates inside the body at the base of the penis, just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is composed of the glandular and fibrous tissue enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. The prostate is in the shape of a donut and about the size of a walnut. It surrounds the first inch or so of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder. Normal functions of the prostate depend on the presence of the male hormone testosterone, which is produced by the testes. The prostate produces semen, the thick, whitish fluid that carries sperm. Cancer of the prostate has become the number one cancer in American†¦show more content†¦Investigations have focused on four general areas: genetic predisposition (heredity), hormonal influences, environmental and lifestyle factors, and sexually transmitted agents, including viruses. Data from population studies have produced opposite results. Some studies suggest a genetic predisposition to prostate cancer and an increased risk for blood relatives of men with the disease. However, other studies have not confirmed a genetic link. Data from studies of people migrating from one geographic area to another point to the importance of the environment as a factor, including diet, in the development of prostate cancer. Some doctors suggest that a diet rich in fat increases the risk of prostate cancer. Scientists have suspected that hormones contribute to the development of prostate cancer. Men who’s testicles were removed before puberty have little risk of developing this disease, apparently because the primary source of male hormones was removed. Currently, scientists are comparing testosterone production and metabolism in prostate cancer patients and their brothers as well as in men from families who do not have prostate cancer. Many studies have also been done with cancer causing agents. The results have not been very conclusive. The possible role of sexually transmitted viral diseases in the development of prostate cancer has been examined by many researchers. Currently there are no conclusive results, but scientistsShow MoreRelatedCancer : Cancer And Cancer1673 Words   |  7 PagesCancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globallyRead MoreCancer And Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pagesmanuscript was indicating how a particular gene is connected to how tumors/cancer are suppressed and how tumors/cancer also grow and multiply. When the codon is manipulated and mutated, the point in which the codon becomes altered, or the point in which the p53 gene is stimulated, forms reactions that may be harmful or can be non-threatening. The reaction that could be harmful could generate destruction to the gene and therefore form cancer. A non -threatening reaction may cause a reconstruction in the mutationRead MoreOvarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer988 Words   |  4 Pages Ovarian cancer is a disease in which malignant or cancerous cells are found in the ovaries. The ovaries are two small organs that are located on each side of the uterus. The way cancer develops is when cells begin to grow out of control. Cancer cells are different from normal cells because they continue to grow and instead of dying, they create abnormal cells that form into a tumor. Woman around age 35-74, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death. The earlier this cancer is treated theRead MoreCancer : Cancer And Cancer1998 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? ThereRead MoreCancer And Cancer705 Words   |  3 PagesI would refer a family friend or colleague to the American Cancer Society (ACS) website where a huge selection of support programs is offered throughout treatment and recovery (ACS, 2017c). There is an entire section dedicated to assisting with finding resources in whatever area someone is in or near and different programs from which to choose (ACS, 2017c). Visitors of the website can also filter their search based on an array of different choices ra nging from, but not limited to, advocacy, assistanceRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1341 Words   |  6 PagesWhat I chose to research on my cancer project was breast cancer, since breast cancer is one of the second deadliest cancers among women I felt like I should research into this topic more in-depth. Anyone, no matter male or female, we are born with some breast cells and tissue. Even though males do not develop milk-producing breasts, a man s breast cells and tissue can still develop cancer. Male breast cancer is very rare, yet more fatale because they are less likely to assume the lump is possiblyRead MoreOvarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1577 Words   |  7 PagesOvarian cancer is also one of the cancer that is affecting millions of women in today’s world. The previous researches were claiming that ovarian cancer comes from ovary cells. However, studies have found that ovarian cancer could be coming from fallopian tube. Dr. Burdette’s lab researched how fallopian tube can be contributing to ovarian cancer, and her research shows strong evidence of how does it occurs. It is very important to find a cure for ovarian cancer, otherwise deaths due to ovarian cancerRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1115 Words   |  5 Pagesaround the world develops the most common disease called Breast Cancer. In the United States, about 200,000 women suffer from this disease and it causes more than 40,000 death each year. Breast cancer is a cancer cell (malignant tumor) that forms in the breast. The cancerous cells grow in the breast and then invade the healthy cells and the surrounding tissues of the breast and it can also spread into other parts of the body. Breast cancer is more common in women but men can also get it too. One of theRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer896 Words   |  4 PagesBefore going in depth, let us first define what breast cancer is. According to the National Breast Cancer.Org â€Å"Cancer is a broad ter m for a class of diseases characterized by abnormal cells that grow and invade healthy cells in the body. Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast as a group of cancer cells that can then invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body.† Cancer begins in the cells which are the basic building blocks that make up tissue. Tissue isRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1831 Words   |  8 PagesBreast Cancer Studies shows men are diagnosed with breast cancer contrary to the perception that this disease is solely diagnose in women. What is breast cancer in men? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts from cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that may grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread metastasize to distance of the body (Article 1).Women Manly have breast cancer but men can get it also. Some people doesn’t realize that men have breast tissues

The Logistics of a Third-World Relief Operation Free Essays

Due to the Internal cooperation and collaboration within INCUR a great amount of knowledge emerges. This knowledge, later, Is shared with other organizations (Nags). The extensive cooperation, coordination and communication are the key successful factors for the productive partnership between both of the companies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Logistics of a Third-World Relief Operation or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are on the right way because frequently they organize meetings to discuss and Implement Improvements. An Important factor INCUR should consider Is to enter Into an alliance with local government and military. Military plays a crucial role in this field; he principal reason for reaching an agreement with it is that military possesses security and emergency responses. Cooperation with government can minimize cultural differences between the refugees and the personal of the organizations. While, military participation can be useful when unforeseen events, such as meteorological or political circumstances, occur (e. G. Providing airplanes in order to reduce supplies lead times). From the standpoint of incoming supply and storage of non-food-items (blankets, water cans, kitchen sets†¦ It can be said that the unit logistic system was not able to predict the amount of goods that would arrive at the warehouse. They did not have any control over the consignments (size, deliveries times); consequently enormous obstacles are likely to arise in satisfying refugees’ needs. A solution to this problem can be the implementation of a SIT system. The core of this system is to Increase the productivity through maintaining Inventories at a minimum level. Perhaps, this is a possibility for the necessity of more space than contemplated for non-food items. Thus, it would enable them to order the exact amount of food they need. On the one hand, this allows a flexible system that is able to confront unpredictable changes. On the other hand, SIT system may have some disadvantages. In some cases this system would not be able to meet unforeseen orders. The major issue that the senior logistics officer has to face is linked to the transportation of goods. A radical change about it is necessary. Infrastructure in Rwanda Is extremely poor. Climate, bad roads conditions, non-protective nature of he labor/w;irking conditions for the drivers worsen the situation even more. With regard to the latter, a working day of 8 hours and a drivers’ rotation in one Journey, are likely to force simple modifications. These modifications can lead greater operational efficiency. Transport capacities play a pivotal role in improving the management of supplies. Andrew should precisely estimate the exact number of trucks required each time: the duration of the trip, how long it takes to undead 1 OFF other related issues. Uncertain situations such as inconsistent information or cultural preferences constitute a barrier that could lead to enormous delays and unfulfilled demands. Therefore, delivering the right amount of supplies within the due dates is a task that all involved organizations must satisfy. Moreover, assessment (e. G. Data gathering) before implementing a new relief operation is indispensable in order to build a strong plan. If an organization aims to develop an effective relief logistic system, it is essential to analyze thoroughly its investment in vulnerable transport and communication. How to cite The Logistics of a Third-World Relief Operation, Papers

Mediation of Lady Gaga free essay sample

Creativity and Precariousness Alvina Azaria MA Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship Media and Communication Pathway 1/17/2011 Question: Do objects in the culture industry have a life of their own? Discuss the mediation of things argument from Lash and Lury by following the life of a particular object. Test the method by evaluating it in relationship to other theoretical approaches to the object. Introduction This essay unpacks the life of cultural objects based on Scott Lash and Celia Lury’s argument in the book of Global Culture Industry: The Mediation of Things. It draws on a set of case studies of a current phenomenon in music and culture, Lady Gaga, using the framework of The Global Culture Industry. Lady Gaga has only been in the spotlight since she first appeared on the television in 2008. Since then, she has been gaining her fans from all over the world. She is seen as a brand that has a global flow of movement. The theory is tested by being compared to other writers’ view on social objects, which includes Karin-Knorr Cetina (2002), Appandurai (1986), Deleuze (1994), World Industry of Information Culture industry was the term that first mentioned by Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightment (1947), which has been the main reference to the critical theories. However, in the glorious era of ‘dot. com’ and social network such as blogs, twitter and facebook, the relevance of the theory is questioned by contemporary theorists. One of the critiques is elaborated in Lash and Lury’s Global Culture Industry: The Mediation of Things. The book is driven by the concern of the implementation of Adorno and Horkheimers’ Cultural Industries in the global media age. The main argument of the book is culture has taken on another different logic with the transition from culture industry, ‘that globalization has given culture industry a fundamentally different mode of operation’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 3). The view of the objects is rather metaphysical than dialectic. Since the emergence of information industry and the global communication system, culture has been seen in different perspectives. The second half of 1990’s was marked with the 2 boost of globalization of the information economy and the rise of cyberspace. The academic studies were followed by business and management analysis with the emphasis on non tangible assets. In this ‘regime of signification’, signalling ‘not simply a shift to a new mode of producing and circulating signs (cultural commoditization), but an alteration in the very relation between culture and economy’ (Wernick, 1991 in Grainge, 2008). In the nature of capitalism, brands were one of the non tangible assets that have been gaining attention from the world. As Lash and Urry pointed, culture industry is a branded circulating intellectual property (Lash Urry, Economies of Signs and Space, 1994). Moreover, the reproduction process is reassuring the sign value (Grainge, 2008). Lash and Lury argues that global culture industry of operates through brands. Anthropologically, culture is seen as ‘the signifying system through which necessarily (though among other means) a social order is communicated, reproduced, experienced, and explored’ (Williams, 1981: 13). Because culture is the main object of the study, signs and text are the analyzed rather than the objective process that is emphasized in ‘political economy’ (Du Gay, 1997; Hesmondaghl, 2007). There is also ‘culturalization of economic life,’ where ‘contemporary capitalism was marked by a degree of reflexive accumulation in economic life, that included a new degree of aesthetic reflexivity in the spheres of both production and consumption, as capitalist reflexivity in the spheres of both production and consumption, as capitalist production became increasingly design-intensive and oriented toward niche consumer markets’ (Lash and Urry, 1994 in Flew, 2005). In this sense, culture has been industrialized. Hesmondaghl (2008) defines culture industries as a sector or a linked production system which involved in the production of social meaning and deal primarily with industrial production and circulation of texts. The essay will focus on linking a music brand with performing arts, fashion, publishing, and video games. 3 In spite of its multi-billion dollars success, the singular form phrase ‘culture industry’ was first identified by German scholars Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightment (1947) to show the negative side of the information manufacture. The book probes how the culture industry manipulates its consumers through mass media for ‘the interest of financial profitability of corporate oligopoly’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 3). Human beings become dependent on it and the industry legitimates the power of cultural producer or elitists (Adorno, 1997). At the time the book was written, culture was still in the realm of superstructure, where domination and resistance through ideology, symbols, and representation. Nevertheless, Lash and Lury believe that some of the process no longer exists with the situation in global culture industry era. Images and other cultural forms are thingified, not in the superstructure, but in the materiality of infrastructure, dominating ‘both the economy and experience in everyday life’. Instead of circulating as identical objects, cultural entities have the dynamics of their own and move as if it is by accident and unintended. The form of the objects is not static as an atom and determined by the intentions of their producers (top down). Biopower in Cultural Entities One of the arguments of Global Culture Industry is that the industry is animated (Lash and Lury, 2007: 21). In the logic of ‘singularities’, cultural objects ‘move and changed through transposition and translation, transformation and transmogrification’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 5). Translation is ‘an organizational process in which the product moves in a linear, sequential fashion as a short story to a book, a film, video television and so on’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 25). Authorship, creativity, regional or national culture are understood as the result of integrity of an artistic work related to others. By transposition, Lash and Lury mean the intensive features of the 4 object that enables movement, rather than any kind of aesthetic integrity. The movement of transposition is characterized by multiplicity, intensive, associate series of events, merchandise promotion, and publicity. Organized in part by the laws of trademark and passing off, transposition defined by territorial boundaries from multiple origins. It also can be seen as a zone of identity in order to sell products (Becket, 1998, in Lash and Lury, 2007:25). Meanwhile, is an activity to change into a different shape or form, especially one that is fantastic or bizarre (Menheim, 2010). The objects are viewed as ‘a product of normative or instrumental rational action (mediated by a set of internalized habits and expectations) in the first, and as an outcome of social interaction in the latter’ (Leschziner, 2005). Cultural objects are seen as monads that live in different forms by a trace with a memory complex. Unlike commodities by Adorno and Horkheimer that are seen as atoms, monads are self-energizing have their own lives. They are living in microstructures. This culture of circulation is not anymore determined by the producers as Adorno and Horkheimer stated. The value is added in this movement or self-modification throughout the range of spaces. Therefore, the indeterminacy process of production and consumption are the matter of the ‘construction of difference’. This logic of difference is where brand, one of the cultural objects (Lury, 2004), work, and circulate. The embedding of social meanings and relations in physical world constitutes a social ‘morphology’, a spacial arrangement of material objects that constitutes the landscapes, settlements, and technologies to which human actions relate. This book’s argument is in the flow of the objects’ movements, media becomes things, and things can transform into media. Argument is nuanced chapters ma pping the biographies of seven ‘cultural objects’, which are four media that becomes things, such as Toy Story and 5 Wallace and Gromit; and three things that become media: Euro ‘96, Nike, Swatch. The analysis was drawn from a number of different points of view, which are anthropology, science and technology, media theory, biography, multiplicity, and economic sociology. The theory has a number of influences, including Appadurai on how it traces the objects by following them; Deleuze in relating the objects to one another; and Karinn Knorr Catina in the logic of the space of the objects, in microstructures or networks. Brand Has Risen As mentioned before, brand plays a key role in today’s global culture industry. ‘Culture is driven by imagination’ (Tuan, 1998). Within the growing critical literature on brands, the cultural work of logos, signs and trademarks has often been read symptomatically, an aspect of the thickening hegemony of global capitalism and of the social disjunction represented in the production and promotion of goods. Brands have lives of its own that actualize themselves. It flows from brand’s memory, that is ‘brand identity’. A range of series of goods or commodity generates a brand with diversification of products. According to Lash and Lury, Brand experience can be seen as a feeling of intensity. Objects are not always something that can be seen or touch physically. Unlike most natural scientists, social scientists including Lash and Lury refer objects as something that is in the imaginary world. In the new economy, brands are living on the thin air (Leadbeater, 1999; Simmel, 1978) sees ‘economic objects’ that pure desire and immediate enjoyment. Branding has been linked to structural changes, or intensifications, in the basis of consumer culture, which is especially associated with the move from Fordism to post-Fordism in the last third of the twentieth century. As a critical label, Fordism describes a mode of production based around the factory, the rationalization of labour and the standardization of goods (Grainge, 2008). 6 Although both can be sources of power, Lash and Lury differentiate the brand and commodity. Commodities works through a mechanistic principle of identity, brands through the animated production of difference’ (Fraser et al, in Lash and Lury, 2007: 7). However, Appandurai defines commodity ‘as a situation in social life of any ‘thing’ be defined as the situation in which its exchangeability (past, present, or future) for some other thing is its socially relevant feature’ (Appadurai, 1986). The summary is shown on the table below. Variable Logic Exchange value Production role Valued by History Set of relations with others Life Quantity Determinancy Production Works through Consumption Commodity Identity Money Produced as products Exchange for quantity, use value for quality No No Dead Singular Determined Labour-intensive Reproduction of identity Generalized Fordist consumption Use value: concrete singularity, qualities of product Exchange value (as commodity): homogeneity Brand Difference Not exchanged except for capital markets Source of production Expected future profits and difference Yes Yes Alive Series of goods Indetermined Design-intensive More production difference Specialized consumption Values Sign value: qualities of experience Table 1 Commodity versus Brand Methodology This essay uses the method of Global Culture Industry by following the life of Lady Gaga 7 with a biography. Lady Gaga is seen as a thing, ‘the internal organization of the object itself’ (Lash and Lury, 2007). Although she is a living human, she is a singular, manufactured brand (Gaffney, 2010) which makes her a cultural object. She is no just a pop music singer, she other values behind her. There are several people who shape Lady Gaga, including herself who has a major influence on the brand. The objects are followed by getting as much of information in many places and time from as many points of view as possible (Lash and Lury, 2007: 20). Literature reviews from various articles and research about Lady Gaga are used to reach comprehensiveness and the richness of data; and also to show intersubjectivity. In the book, Lash and Lury uses interviews to support the biography. This essay uses the interviews that are done in the multiple sources. In this biography, writer also incorporates other theorists’ views to the objects in the biography in order to test Lash and Lury’s method on the specific situations, time, and space. This essay will look at the objects with theoretical approaches by Karin-Knorr Cetina, Appandurai, Deleuze, and Heath and Potter; and Beer and Burrows. The biography is structured in three parts: the most recent development which the object enters to a flow; the structure of the industry; the beginning of the cultural object as a thing. Biography: From Germanotta to Gaga ‘I am my music; I am my art; I am my creativity’ (Gaga in Robinson, 2010) ‘She isnt a pop act, she is a performance artist. She herself is the art. She is the sculpture’. Lauper, 2010). Lady Gaga is one of the most successful acts in popular music industry in the last decade. ‘There is no denying it. Lady Gaga is one huge global brand. In fact, the money-making machine that is Lady Gaga is predicted to earn more than $100 million in 2011’ (Daily Mail, 2011). She has 8 been gaining her fans from all over the world, whom she refers as ‘little monsters’. With combining performance, she and her image have been shifting in different kinds of movement, adding her values in the eyes of the world. By the end of 2010, she became of one the most influential people of the year (Time, 2010) and her album The Fame Monster was the biggest selling album of 2010, sold 5. 8 million copies across the globe (United World Chart, 2010). Gaga also becomes brand extensions to products. Her breadth of brand can be determined from ‘social-networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter (Time, 2010). On 13 January 2011, she has 800 million views on YouTube, twelve million fans on Facebook, and 7593466 followers on Twitter. There are 99,800,000 results are found when the name ‘Lady Gaga’ is typed on Google search engine (January 2011). Animation is drawn in the flow of movement of Lady Gaga. Norman Klein (1993) defines animation as a sense of perception that is culturally informed and social imaginary of shape-shifting possibility or metamorphosis. In this case, Lady Gaga is literally animated and transmogrify to comic cartoon parody. The cartoon below represent the relationship between the PR executive and Lady Gaga. It shows relationship of the lyrics of ‘Alejandro’ and ‘Telephone’. Klein suggests it comes from a memory in a printed page. The image of Lady Gaga comes from a perspective of her in ‘Telephone’ video. 9 Figure 1 The cartoon parody by Pocketcookie. et (2010) Other online games use Lady Gaga’s figure as their objects to be transmogrified, for instance Make-Up Game Lady Gaga, Dress Up Lady Gaga, and The PokerIsland Quest. On March 2010, Harmonix and MTV Games announced that a video game Rock Band is including four songs by Lady Gaga. ‘Bad Romance, â₠¬ËœJust dance’, ‘Monster’, Poker Face’ are available on Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3 system (MTV Games, 2010). Similar act was also done On June 2010 by DJ Hero 2 (Coby, 2010). Tapolous, music game software developer for Apple (IPhone, IPod Touch, IPad gadgets) use 13 songs by Lady Gaga for Tap Tap Revenge and Tap Tap Radiaton. The songs are sold on Apple Store online. As a cultural object, Gaga’s music is transformed and transmogrified into video games. 10 Figure 2 Lady Gaga Pokerisland Quest inspired by Poker Face song Source: ladygagagame. com The object, Lady Gaga, has become media. It is in the system of and enters to a flow that is consumed by the audience or consumer. Media are surfaces or waves or spaces or signals in which various contents may be communicated. In this case, Lady Gaga, as virtual object, a thing, is mediated. The thing itself is constructed, coordinated, organized and integrated. She is in the commodity situation in social life (Appandurai, 1986) where she, as a ‘thing’ be defined as ‘the situation in which its exchangibility (past, present, future) for some other thing is its socially relevant feature’. That is, Lady Gaga is mediated to a manufactured personality (Paglia, 2010). 11 Figure 3 Virgin mobile product placement on ‘Telephone’ music video, 2010 Source: (Pocket-Lint, 2010) ‘Celebrity is instrumental in the creation of affective economies’ (Vellar, 2010). Her prominent identity is used by other brands to promote their range of products. Her videos are one of the media to promote a brand. In 2009, Lady Gaga’s music video was used to endorse the Casio Baby-G line. ‘Two new music videos are part of the promotion. The bright yellow BG5602-9 gets prominently featured in one of them. Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say) and Love Game’ (Riley, 2009). In her music video collaborated with Beyonce, there are also products placements of Virgin Mobile and also Polaroid (Phones Review, 2010). Entering 2010, Android commercial in Japan used her Poker Face’ tunes. Gaga’s music translated in the musical series, Glee (2010). Because of her avant-garde and out-of this world style, fashion is closely linked with Lady Gaga. She had brand extension to create series of products. Her image is commoditized. In September 2009, Lady Gaga designed a series of Dr. Dre’s Heartbeats earphones which made appearance on her ‘Bad Romance’ video. In Spring 2010, cosmetic line MAC joined her with Cyndi Lauper for Viva Glam Campaign. Meanwhile, Lady Gaga and Polaroid collaborated to 12 release a line of products Polaroid Grey Label in 2011. It translates ‘Lady Gagas mission to deliver products that enable creativity for all, celebrate artistry and make sharing instantaneous across the physical and digital’ (Polaroid , 2011). Lately, the singer is developing the perfume to be launched in April 2012 with Coty. (Michaels, 2010). Figure 4 Red Heartbeat earphones designed by Lady Gaga Source: (Espina, 2009) The set of Gaga objects has been also transmogrified and translated by other artists and entrepreneurs in creating the products. In February 2010, Designer Lu Wei Kang, from Beijing, has spent months recreating Lady Gagas wardrobe in miniature for his Barbie doll collection. ‘The 29-year-old, from Beijing, China, now hopes to mass produce the clothes and sell them worldwide’ (Solent News, 2010). Veik also made similar products with various style of Gaga. Products like hair bow-tie, make up, sunglasses, dvd, biography books, t-shirts, keychain, masks, are included in the list of products that are sold worldwide inspired by the artists. Some of them are sold by the official merchandiser, label, or publicist. The rest are made by fans or 13 entrepreneurs who grasp the Gaga value and turn it into products to be sold. Masks, make up, and bow tie are nothing if it is not signified by a signifier (Saussure, 1966). In this case the symbol of Lady Gaga is infiltrated in the products or objects. As Karin Knorr Cetina (2002) stresses, ‘there are emergent global microstructures like new markets. There are, instead, branded global hierarchies that expand through global horizontal integration and even vertical integration to the point of sale. These are not networks’. These products come from various places and time in global territory. The online merchandise official store is developed by Bravado which is a merchandising company that specializes in making products that support the brand. The hierarchy is there, with the label and publicist on the top, hiring Bravado. The company has their own system with designers and factory, and it distributes the products through the internet, stores, and on the concerts venues. There are also products like Barbie dolls and make-up artists who are self employed to make their own products and services. Social structures are produced and reproduced in interaction and they are subject to constant transformation as individuals innovate and improvise under the given conditions inherited from the past’ (Beer Burrows, 2010). Figure 5 A Pose of Lady Gaga doll taken from her ‘Bad Romance’ made by Veik Source: (Flickr, 2010) 14 ‘I’m a free bi*ch, baby! ’ is a phrase on her songs ‘Bad Romance’ and ‘Dance in the Dark’ lyric. It is how she makes her self different. The line has been through some repetition (Deleuze, 1994) become the stabilization of the brand. It becomes a tagline or slogan that builds her brand image (Jarowsky, 1986) of her. The line was also said during her performance on UK X Factor 2009, Brit Awards 2010 and also all of her performance during her world tour. Her fans view it as, ‘she doesnt care what people say. She doesnt believe when people tell her shes not good enough, or cant play well enough, or cant sing well enough, or dance well enough, or cant wear that, or cant do that shes FREE. No limits! Like a bird! ’ (Vixen, 2010). ‘I dont feel that I look like the other perfect little pop singers. I think I look new. I think Im changing what people think is sexy. ’ (Lady Gaga in Paglia, 2010). She shows her eccentric style every time she appears in public, even on the most casual event. She has been seen in a telephone and lobsters hat and meat dress. A year from now, I could go away, and people might say, ‘Gosh, whatever happened to that girl who never wore pants? ’ But how wonderfully memorable 30 years from now, when they say, ‘Do you remember Gaga and her bubbles? ’ Because, for a minute, everybody in that room will forget every sad, painful thing in their lives, and they’ll just live in my bubble world. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010). . 15 Figure 6 Slogan for Gaga on Toto Bag Merchandise Source: Lady Gaga Official Website (2010) As a thing, Lady Gaga enters to a system that generates the actual form of her appearance and image. The production of Lady Gaga is design-intensive. Her persona has been co-created with a team called Haus of Gaga. ‘ I have a small bunch of really creative people who make up the Haus and they work with me on my sets, my costumes, my jewelry and the concept of Gaga. It’s my team and we come up with crazy ideas and make them happen. I do make a lot of money, but I don’t want to own flash cars; I want to make Lady Gaga the biggest star in the world, and that takes a lot of work and creativity’ (Lady Gaga, July 2010). It is a creative team modeled on Andy Warhol’s Factory that collaborates with her to create clothing, stage sets, and sounds. Lead by Matthew Williams and stylist Nicola Formichetti, Haus of Gaga has a huge role in the construction of Gaga. It has been also said that other artists have used her recipe of success with applying similar appearance. Christina Aguilera, Kesha, Ketty Perry and Nicki Minaj are seen using the similar style as Gaga (Caramanuca, 2010). It means that the image of Gaga has also been translated into the form of other artists. 16 Figure 7 Meat dress on the cover of Vogue Japan magazine In the web world, Think Tank Marketing helps on seizure of the Twitter crown. The digital marketing companys Website says ‘in the digital age too many brands struggle to find their way through new terrain’ (Kusisto, 2010). Twitter is now a media to introduce promote her upcoming album ‘Born This Way’ that is planned to be launched on May 23rd 2011 with the first single to be released on 13 February this year. Twitter and Facebook profiles are written in first person and are performance of Gaga’s true interior state of being her support to LGBT rights. Gaga? support to the gay community is an important part of her celebrity persona and because of that she became a gay icon. Through the new technology, it is possible for the consumer to promote the artist to another consumer (Vellar, 2010). It is done through the social networks. This shows another micro-structure (Cetina Bruegger, 2002). 17 Even though everybody calls her with her stage name, Lady Gaga was not her first identity. She was born in New York, USA, as Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on 28 March 1986. ‘Lady Gaga is my name. If you know me, and you call me Stefani, you dont really know me at all. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010). The name was inspired by Queen’s Song ‘Radio Gaga’, mentioned by Rob Fusari. The name was a result of a marketing meeting to brand her (Callahan, 2010). When Gaga was still under the name of Stefani Germanotta, she has a different style with brunette hair. Because of the transformation, the name has added a sign value to her. In March 2010, Lady Gaga was sued by the ex-producer sued for $30 million, claiming he came up with her stage name and co-wrote some of her hit songs. It shows that, other than tours and records, the brand ‘Lady Gaga’ has exchange value in form of the royalty of intellectual property. The name has an exchange value of $30 million. Nevertheless, five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit. It is shown that Gaga’s music production appear as networks (Currid, 2007), and also bigger structure. In March 2006, she performed on a show with Stefani Germanotta Band perform at the Cutting Room in New York. Music producer Wendy Starland saw the performance and referred Stephanie to Rob Fusari, a producer and song writer who has worked with stars like Destiny’s Child. Though they reportedly had an oral agreement to collaborate on songs and develop Gaga together, Starland claims she was cut out of the deal in May 2006 when Fusari entered into an agreement to pursue a record contract for Gaga. In 2007, Gaga started to collaborate with D. J. Lady Starlight, a personal acquaintance of her. The duo to perform at downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall, their show called ‘Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue’, considered as ‘The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow’. Their frequent collaboration formed her Gaga image.. In August 2007, 8 Gaga and Starlight were invited to play at the American Lollapalooza music festival, where they gained positive reviews. Gaga was then found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music. This is the first step when ‘culture escapes the register of repr esentation to reconstitute itself in register of things’ (Lash and Lury, 2007:181). Fusari shoows the songs he produced with Gaga to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert. He works for Streamline record, an imprint of Interscope Records, owned by Universal Music Group. Herbert was quick to sign her to his label. She was then hired to be a songwriter at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV (Harding, 2009). Britney Spears, New Kids On the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls was included in the list of artists that used her song. Music artist/entrepreneur Akon identified her talent and he had an agreement with Interscope-Greffen-AM Chairman and CEO Jimmy Lovine to sign Gaga with Akon’s label Kon Live Distribution. She was introduced to D. J. Matt Williams, who later became the creative director of the Haus of Gaga. Williams, who shared a romantic relationship with Gaga, began to design her album covers and her apparel. Williams stated that the appearence of Gaga makes it possible for the younger generation to access art. ‘Theres just been a hunger for something new and different on a mass scale; its been so bland for the aps few years’ (Williams in Robinson, 2010). She was also had supports from gay community. Gaga entered the mainstream popular music industry when the music charts are dominated by popular female artists, such as Rihanna, Beyonce and Alicia Keys. However Lady Gaga brings a different culture or counter culture (Roszak, 1968) to the bigger audience. She comes as a free-spirited pop star who ignores the society pressure of conformity. She appears not 19 in the mainstream way to be beautiful and sexy like other pop stars in the industry at that time. Judy McGrath, C. E. O, MTV networks, views Gaga, ‘She reminds me of all the great pop women who have preceded her, and, at the same time, none of them. Pop tends to mow through people quickly, but Gaga is still at the beginning of where she is going’ (McGrath in Robinson, 2010). Heath and Joseph (2005) explain how the counter culture became consumer culture. Consumer consciousness is seen as a form of manufactured conformity, the search of distinction is driving consumer capitalism. Thus, ‘stylistic rebellion feeds the needs by creating a whole new set of positional goods for these new ‘rebel consumers’ to compete for’ (Heath Potter, 2005). This is when the logic of difference. The cultural object generates a series of actual forms, from music to album translated into videos, that are sold. Just Dance’ was released to radio and television in April 2008 and gained a reputation in club scene. It is followed by Gaga’s debut album The Fame in August that year. In the same month, the song entered Billboard 100 singles chart. It was reviewed by critiques in various types of media, social networks (facebook, my space, twitter, youtube), web site, blogs, radio, television through interviews, music video, and performances. The album was distributed by the chain of Universal Music Group, the largest global record label. It is sold digitally on ITunes and amazon. om downloads, cellular telephone ringtones, and also with compact discs through record stores. The album and single sales reached the top position in United Kingdom, Canada, Austria, Germany, Switerland, although it did Internationally, the song first entered Sweden, and then Canada, finally the rest of the world (Robinson, 2010). By May 2008, the song was the number one on ITunes Dance chart. She then launched ‘Poker Face’ that was ‘even larger hit, topping singles charts across the board with its combination of pop melodism and club-worthy production’ (Birchmeier, 2009). Both songs has gone quadruple 20 platinum for sales of four million copies. Three more singles were launched after that, which are ‘Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)’, ‘Love Game’, and ‘Paparazzi’ that received high positions on global charts. By August 2010, ‘The Fame’ was sold more than twelve million copies. On November 2009, the record company reissued The Fame along with eight song in a deluxe edition Extended Play (EP), The Fame Monster. The first single of the EP is an international hits, ‘Bad Romance’, which was released on October 15, 2009. Alexander McQueen’s design and iconic ballet pointed high heels in the video. It was premiered at the designers show at the Paris Fashion Week in October 2009. It can be seen as a relation of things. Despite the controversial lyric and video that’s shows a dead person, the video won seven of 10 nominations it received at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards.. The video has been nominated for a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video. The song was 4. 33 million digitally sold, making her the first artist in digital history to have three singles to pass four millions sales. Gaga’s following single Alejandro is collaboration with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video. It was perceived similarly as controversial, critics complimented its idea and dark nature (Montgomery, 2010), but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her use of blasphemy (Catholic League, 2010). It was inspired by Gagas admiration of gay love. The music video portrays Gaga with a group of soldiers in a cabaret, dancing to the song. It is interspersed with scenes of Gaga as a nun swallowing a rosary and near-naked men, holding machine guns. The music video received various reviews, with critics complimenting its idea and dark nature, while the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her use of blasphemy, despite Klein dismissing the idea and claiming the scene in question (the swallowing of the Rosary beads) was Gagas desire to take in the Holy ‘Alejandro’. 21 From the series of her videos, it is shown that she exposes her controversial image and her relation with fashion in a repetition. The videos also feature intensive signs that is identified by Benjamin. The value of Gaga is at same time became more and less to different type sof people. Because people can view the videos for free on You Tube , Facebook, or on television, it is gift-value that is being exchanged in this case. Gaga may lose the gift-value on the religious organizations. However, she also gains values from the gay community because she represents them in public. Touring accomodates the shift toward vertical integration of aspects of music business. Thus, ‘recording, media dissemination, artist management, promotion, ticketing, merchandising, and so on had intensified’ (Starr Waterman, 2010). In other words, world tour can accelerate transposition. Gaga went on a world tour twice called ‘Fame Ball’ on 12 March until 29 September 2009 to 69 cities and ‘Monsters Ball’. Her theatrical performance are shown on the sets and videos. Gaga stated, I consider what I do to be more of an Andy Warhol concept: pop performance art, multimedia, fashion, technology, video, film. And its all coming together, and its going to be traveling museum show (Universal Music Group, 2009). Her second world tour, The Monster Ball started four days after the release of The Fame Monster. Being said as ‘the first-ever pop electro opera’, Gaga did 201 shows in cities across the globe. In North America, there was high demand for tickets. Live Nation Inc. to announce that Gaga will return to the U. S. in February 2011 and Semi Precious Weapons will continue on the road with Gaga until the Monster Ball ends (PR Newswire, 2010). According to the report, Gagas over-the-top spectacle grossed $133. 6 million over the course of 138 shows, most of which took place outside of North America (Vena, 2010). 22 She did multiple things with the similar concept to stabilize her brand. The tour became money maker. Besides merchandises and ticket sales, it is the media of promotion for Lady Gaga’s new album and also the opening act, Semi Precious Weapons. In the concert, the consumer, who is already a target market gains awareness of the band. The merchandise for the concert include, tote bags, glow bracelet, , posters and masks. Figure 9 Glow bracelet, The Fame Monster merchandise sold on the venue and online Source: Official Lady Gaga merchandiser (2011) In the concert she provides a fantasy of a spectacular world. What I’ve discovered is that in art, as in music, there’s a lot of truth-and then there’s a lie. The artist is essentially creating his work to make this lie a truth, but he slides it in amongst all the others. The tiny little lie is the moment I live for, my moment. It’s the moment that the audience falls in love. I dont even drink water onstage in front of anybody, because I want them to focus on the fantasy of the m usic. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010) Conclusion Drawing on Lash and Lury’s Global Culture Industry in the book titled ‘Global Culture Industry: 23 The Mediation of Things’ (2007), it can be concluded that cultural objects have their own lives as virtual objects. The overall purpose of this essay is to give explanation about the theory and apply it to contemporary social phenomenon, which is in this case Lady Gaga. By following the life of Lady Gaga and Music artist Lady Gaga can be seen as a thing that appear as a singular dynamic brand. Combining the Global Culture Industry and other theoretical views including from Karin-Knorr Cetina (2002), Appandurai (1986), Deleuze (1994), it is shown that the object have a flow of movement that can be summarized in three steps. The first step is when the culture represent itself to become a ‘thing’ that has difference element. It has intrinsic values to be exchanged as a commodity. In this case, the invention of Lady Gaga image (theatrical performance, dare to be different). Then, the ‘thing’ enters to a system of micro-structures that forms the thing, which are Haus of Gaga, and also the record company and the mainstream music industry itself. It goes in repetitions that makes it a stabilized global brand. The last stage is when the thing become media. The system and actual forms goes into flows and consumed by public.

Ethical Issues In U.S. Immigration Policies Essays - Demography

Ethical Issues In U.S. Immigration Policies The sun seems unrelenting as it beats down on the two families huddled together in a rickety makeshift boat. The rafters have been floating in the open sea for what seems to them like years. Their food and water supplies have run out and the littlest ones cry out of hunger. But the keep going. Because they know that once their feet touch the land of opportunity their prayers will be answered. Finally, their raft makes it to the ankle-deep waters and they are only a few short steps away from dry land and freedom. As quickly as the wave of relief and happiness rushes over the rafters, so does it disappear. The Coast Guard is there and telling them that they will be shipped back. So close to freedom. Other families know what its like to have freedom snatched away. After years of working six days a week for miniscule wages, sewing dresses or picking vegetables, they have had freedom and the opportunity of a better life taken away after being rounded up by Immigration Naturalization Services and deported back to Guatemala, Honduras, or Mexico. These are only two examples of the travesties that occur daily in the land of opportunity and freedom?the Unites States of America. The United States was built by immigrants, many seeking a new life in a new land. Before 1882, anyone could move to the United States. As the population grew, however, the Federal government decided to control immigration. But they have done this in a very inconsistent manner, letting some people in from one country more than others from another country. The current U.S. immigration policy is immoral, unethical and inconsistent in its dealings with immigrants. Early immigration laws aimed to preserve the racial, religious, and ethnic composition of the United States, which was then largely European (Wilbanks, 1993, p.1). The first immigration laws were aimed at nonwhites. In 1882, for example, the Chinese Exclusion Act suspended immigration from China for sixty years. In addition, in 1907, President Roosevelt, negotiated an informal ?gentleman's agreement? with Japan, under which the United States promised to desegregate its California schools in exchange for the promise from the Japanese government to stop the immigration of its citizens (Anderson, 1998, p.2). Soon, however, Americans were complaining about European immigrants as well, especially those of eastern and southern Europe. As a consequence, Congress passed a new law in 1921 based on quotas; only a certain number of individuals with a given background or heritage could move to the United States. And only 30 percent of those could be from eastern or southern Europe (Anderson, 1998, p.2). Again in 1952, we see the same kind of discrimination when President Truman signed the McCarran-Walter Act. Under this law, ideology became a criterion for admission. Political beliefs were questioned as the government sought to weed out people with even a marginally communist background (Wilbanks, 1993, p.4). In the last half of the century new laws emerged seeking to abolish quotas that discriminated against nationalities, replacing it instead with an overall limit of immigrants allowed into the country. These new policies, however, not only did not end discrimination and unethical treatment against immigrants but also touched off a serious illegal immigration problem. The latest and most extensive of these laws came with the 1996 Immigration Act which doubled the U.S.-Mexico border control force to 10,000 agents over five years and adds fences to the most heavily trafficked areas of the U.S.-Mexico border. The controversy over immigration emerges between advocates of the open door policy and those who support restrictions on immigration. Those Americans who support restrictions on the number of immigrants allowed into the United States annually feel that our country is ?running out of room? (Carr, 199, p.2). They also feel that we are being overrun by immigrants who intent on draining our resources. On the other hand, those who support an open-door policy, feel that the unethical treatment of immigrants must stop. These open-door supporters argue that the 700,000 immigrants allowed into the country annually is not enough. This overall limit should be lifted and replaced with an open-door policy, which would allow any number of people in without question. These supporters also

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Versions of Libertarianism Introduction The doctrine of libertarianism entails that people have inherent or natural rights. These rights should not be taken away (Shaw and Vincent 15). It is an immoral act for anyone or for the governments to deny people their rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Versions of Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Examples of these natural rights include the right to own property, the right to personal autonomy and the right to use unused resources. According to this school of thought, the society can cooperate and coexist well when people respect their natural rights. The paper delineates the two versions of libertarianism namely total libertarianism and moderate libertarianism. Total libertarianism According to this version of libertarianism, people are protected by the government. The government has the obligation of ensuring that all the rights of people are protected. The government needs to fo rmulate rules that ensure individuals are well protected. Therefore, the citizens should be protected from activities like breach of contracts, fraud, theft and any subjection of force. Moderate libertarianism This version of libertarianism ensures that the government protects free and fair competition in the markets. People should be allowed to carry on with their businesses and other activities without restriction provided they are not violating the rights of others. For instance, there should be no monopolies, oligopolies and integrations in the market. The market should be free to allow people make progress in their duties without restrictions.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strengths of total libertarianism One of the strengths of total libertarianism is that it ensures that people are protected from mistreatment. People have equal rights and nobody should violate the m. Further, it ensures that people coexist well in a society. It fosters transparency and honesty in the society as people respect each other’s rights. For instance, no person should steal someone’s property as this would amount to violation of natural rights. Weaknesses One weakness is that it is difficult for human beings to govern themselves. Therefore, a government should be formed to ensure that these rights are practiced. Further, the government, which is bestowed the responsibility of ensuring the protection, may not have the right mechanism or may be biased in its decisions, hence can have negative impact on the process. Strength of the moderate libertarianism This ensures that people cooperate and coexist with one another without restrictions or limitations. It enhances unity in the society. Moreover, it promotes the spirit of togetherness and discipline in a society as people make decisions at free will. Weaknesses libertarianism This form of government poses a risk of exploitation, especially in situations when it does not participate in decision-making. For instance, it leads to monopolies that may exploit innocent people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Versions of Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People may take the law in their hands and cause harm to others due to the absence of a body like the government to monitor their moves. Of these two free market philosophies, total libertarianism makes more sense. It ensures that the rights of an individual are fully protected. No person is supposed to be deprived of such rights. Therefore, this allows people in a society to respect and coexist with one another well. This philosophy best addresses the current unequal distribution of wealth. The society is required to use what they have and assist one another. It is the right of every individual to own property and use available resources to uplift his/her li fe. Therefore, total libertarianism gives an equal opportunity for every member of the society to use resources to amass wealth. There is no restriction, hence it can help to alleviate unequal wealth distribution facing the world today. Shaw, William, and Vincent Barry. Moral Issues in Business. 12th ed. Paperback, 2012. Print.

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Criminal Law Problem question - Essay Example The relevant facts in the Kennedy case are substantially similar to the facts in the given problem. In Kennedy, as in the case of Edward, the defendant merely prepared a dose of heroin for the deceased. It was the deceased who self-administered the drug as in Lisa's case. In the Kennedy case, the court ruled that defendant Kennedy cannot be held criminally liable for manslaughter. Applying the Kennedy ruling, then Edward cannot likewise be held criminally liable for Lisa's death because Edward was not the one who injected the deceased with the drug. Under the same principle, Sarah cannot likewise be held criminally liable for Lisa's death as she was not the one who injected Lisa with the drug. Notably, Edward (unlike in Kennedy) was not also the one who gave the syringe to the deceased. If Kennedy (who was the one who gave the syringe to the deceased) is not criminally liable, then a fortiori Edward should not also be held criminally liable for Lisa's death since he was not even the one who gave the syringe to the deceased. In ruling for the defendant, the Kennedy court had occasion to discuss the elements of the crime of unlawful act manslaughter: (1) that the defendant committed an unlawful act; (2) that such unlawful act was a crime and (3) that the defendant's unlawful act was a significant cause of the death of the deceased. In the given problem, Edward admittedly committed an unlawful (and criminal) act by supplying the heroin to the deceased. The mere act of supplying heroin, however, could not have possibly caused Lisa's death since "the supply of drugs would itself have caused no harm unless the deceased had subsequently used the drugs in a form and quantity which was dangerous."2 Clearly, any unlawful act manslaughter charge cannot be based on the mere act of supplying the heroin. According to the Kennedy court, the heroin (as in the given problem) is described as "freely and voluntaril

Social Structure Of Mesopotamians And Egyptians History Essay

Social Structure Of Mesopotamians And Egyptians History Essay The social structure from one empire to another can vary a lot. It depended mostly on the wealth of the empire, the way the empire came to be, and other factors. In the case of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, there were some similarities, but also some differences. Those differences included the social roles that women played in their respective empires, among other things. The Mesopotamian Empire had many opportunities to accumulate wealth. Thus, their social structure became much more clearly defined than other Neolithic communities. In early Mesopotamia, the ruling class consisted of kings and nobles who previously were great warriors. Later on, however, royal status became hereditary. The royal class was looked upon highly, and people often thought of them as part divine. Next in the social chain were the priests and priestesses, many of whom were related to the rulers in some way. Their main responsibility was to intervene with the gods and ensure good fortune for their communities. In exchange for this service, priests and priestesses led a luxurious life. Also in the social structure were free commoners. They mostly worked as farmers in the countryside or in other manufacturing jobs. Dependent clients were another class in the social structure. They possessed no property and usually worked as agricultural laborers. The last rung on the social lad der were slaves. Slaves came from three main sources: prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and people who sold themselves into slavery in order to satisfy their obligations. Most slaves were domestic servants in wealthy households, but some worked as agricultural laborers as well. The Egyptian social structure had some similarities and differences. Like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians had a well-defined social class system. Also, the Egyptian peasants and slaves played a similar role in society as the Mesopotamian peasants and slaves. However, the organization of the ruling classes differed significantly. While Mesopotamians had a series of urban kings, Egyptians had one supreme, central ruler called the pharaoh. The Egyptians had no need for nobles since the pharaoh was the absolute ruler. Instead, Egyptians relied on professional military forces and government officials. This allowed for individuals of common birth to have a higher likelihood of attaining high positions compared to Mesopotamians. The differences between the social classes of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians allowed each of them to have their own unique empires. The conditions of women were also very different between the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians. In Mesopotamia, women had subordinate legal status. However, they did have a certain amount of influence politically, economically, and socially. At ruling courts in Mesopotamia, women sometimes advised the government. Other held great power as high-ranking priestesses. Other Mesopotamian women were able to receive a formal education and pursue a career. Unfortunately, Mesopotamian men began to progressively tighten their control over the social and sexual behavior of women in the second millennium B.C.E. Egyptian women were able to have an even bigger impact on society. There was a time when a woman pharaoh took power (Queen Hatshepsut). Other women also had substantial amounts of power as priestesses. Some got formal educations as well. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian social structures had both differences and similarities. Both empires social systems were well-defined, and included similar roles for peasants and slaves. However, the rest of their system was somewhat different, especially their ruling classes. Though both gave women some social influence, Egyptians provided more powerful opportunities for women. Both empires had a successful and well-enforced social class system.

Finding My Way Home :: Personal Narrative Religion Christianity Essays

Finding My Way Home I was the king and master of my domain, and all that I saw was good. When I decided to write new chapters in my life in the world of College Academia, I entered a realm that was anything but familiar to me. Constant battles and trials raging day and night for each month of my freshman year became known as Hades’ Gauntlet. The first challenge I faced was dealing with the seeds of conspiracy and betrayal. I was the leader in my church’s youth group for a few years, where I led my â€Å"friends† into a positive direction of peace and prosperity. Around the same time I started my college journeys, I was at my finest hour. I saw success, happiness, and admiration of many people around me. But what I didn’t see was the hidden jealousy and hatred a few people had towards me and storms over the horizon. I found myself in a dispute with a wolf in sheep’s clothing, and because his significant other at the time is the daughter of the head of the youth group, he decided it was best to banish me from the youth group and strip away my duties and sources of accomplishment and hope. He then handed over my reigns to his daughter, who treated me as harshly as the executioner to the prisoner. To add to it, he persuaded the Senior Pastor to prevent me from being in any leadership positi ons, in an effort to encourage/force me to leave the church completely. He also did this, because he, for some reason, resented my father, who decided to leave my church one month before I started my college life. What did I do to deserve this? Suddenly, the skies turned black, and this was a direct reflection of the pain I experienced. A perfectly good ministry turned into the vulture’s nest, then into a mockery of what was true and what was right. I felt that every time I walked into the same church I’ve been in my whole life, I now entered enemy lines. Each second the vipers gazed their eyes upon me, I could feel their venomous strikes invading my heart, filling it with poison. I was no longer home, and my church became a prison to me, where I was fed to the mob and the Triad of Traitors.

What representation of American Social Class is there in the first four scenes of Falling Down?

The opening scene of Falling Down immediately establishes the location of the film, America; this is obvious to the audience with the American cars and yellow school bus with the stars and stripes hanging on the side. The lead character played by Michael Douglas is established as a white, Anglo-Saxon, protestant (WASP) who is supposedly the most privileged class in American society. He is meant to represent the typical American white-collar worker. The audience gets this impression of D-Fens (Michael Douglas) because he is smartly dressed with a white shirt and tie, he wears glasses, he's cleanly shaven and is driving a typical American family sedan. This first impression of D-Fens is subsequently taken apart throughout the film and the audience later finds out that he is unemployed and discontent with American society. D-Fens' car and the way he acts give the audience a early clue that he is not all that he seems. D-Fens is stuck in a traffic jam and getting more and more frustrated by the things around him, he reacts very violently to the fly in his car and thrashes around trying to kill it, this gives the audience an indication that he is quite a violent person when he gets annoyed. Another indication is when D-Fens tries to cool himself down and his air conditioning system doesn't work, so he tries to open the window but the handle is broken, the car is like a metaphor for D-Fens' life shabby, worn out and not like it used to be. There is quite a range of different social classes represented in the opening scene all seen from D-Fens' point of view. In the back seat of the car in front of D-Fens is a young Hispanic girl who is staring impassively at him watching his frustration and breakdown unfold. D-Fens seems uneasy about this maybe because it reminds him of his own daughter and he feels ashamed that he can't drive her to school anymore. This girl is shown in contrast to the children on the bus who are noisy and happy whereas she is silent. She is sad looking and the car she's in is also old these things make the audience think she also doesn't have the happy life that the American dream is supposed to offer. This immediately brings up the question of race in the film and whether people from minority ethnic groups have the same opportunities as WASP's. The camera then pans across to show another white-collar worker, a middle-aged woman putting on bright lipstick and trying to make herself look younger, this gives the impression that she feels threatened perhaps by younger women in her work place. The next vehicle that comes into shot is the typical American school bus the children are very noisy and annoying, there is also a mixture of races represented and they appear to be getting along with each other. There is a black boy that is staring at D-Fens in much the same way as the Hispanic girl and it appears that non-WASPs are more of a threat to D-Fens and this perhaps suggests he is racist. Next to the school bus is a new sporty, convertible with two yuppies in the front seats. They can be categorized like this because they have mobile phones, a nice car, and smart suits. They are represented as aggressive and impatient as the driver is honking his horn for no apparent reason. They are rude and loud on the phone and they appear arrogant because they don't feel that they should be stuck in the traffic jam with everyone else. They seem to epitomise capitalism in America and the type of people that become rich and successful in a capitalist society. There are also representations of American society shown on the three bumper stickers that D-Fens looks at. The first one says â€Å"Financial Freedom phone †¦ † this also shows capitalism in America and that fact that many people live in debt and see themselves as being trapped with only money being the way out. The next sticker says â€Å"He died for our sins† and this shows how religious orientated American society is. The last one says â€Å"How's my driving? Phone 1-800 EAT SHIT! † this just shows how uncaring American society has become with many people being stuck in poverty, whilst many others are living in luxury. The flashing ‘Delay' lights, the heat, noise and smoke all come together and the quick straight edits from each of these elements build up the sense of desperation and threat until D-Fens finally has enough and gets out of his car and tells the man behind him that he's â€Å"going home†. This phrase is repeated throughout the film and it becomes D-Fens' quest. ‘Home' is not literally his house but back to a time when D-Fens felt less threatened from foreign immigrants or non-WASPs, a time when his role in society was more defined and he was a family man and a breadwinner, a time when he felt proud of America and its people. In the next scene the second main character, Prendergast, is introduced. He also appears to be a white-collar worker and a WASP but he is slightly older than D-Fens, his reaction to the traffic jam is in contrast to D-Fens' because he is more relaxed and doesn't let it frustrate him. He is represented as a wise old cop who is from the old school of policing and he is contrasted with the young arrogant policeman on the motorbike who enjoys his power but turns out to be a less competent cop than Prendergast. There is also a smarmy salesman on the scene trying to offer the young cop help, which he rejects. He talks about his trade and how he gives discounts for officers of the law, this suggests that money can influence police and that they are corrupt. The third scene represents a single mother who turns out to be D-Fens' ex-wife, she is shown as stressed and overworked having to get the groceries, walk the dog and look after the child all at once. The house appears to be nice, quite large with a garden and white picket fence and it seems to represent the ideal American family home, although there are signs of it starting to fall into disrepair with the paint on the house peeling off and the front garden being untidy. This shows how D-Fens used to have a nice traditional family life and the suburban idyllic house that went with it, that's when it used to be ‘home'. There is also a sign of how gun culture is very much part of American society with D-Fens' young daughter playing with a realistic looking toy gun and learning from a young age the power that you can have by possessing a gun. The fourth scene represents an immigrant shopkeepers in particular a Korean man. It opens with the well dressed, white D-Fens walking into a poor area of the city, this is shown by the graffiti on the walls, the rubbish on the streets and the fact that there are metal bars over the windows to keep the small shop secure. The Korean shopkeeper is dressed in old, unfashionable clothes and he appears quite impoverished because his till is very old fashioned and he is wary of a WASP coming into his shop in this area. This shows the separation of communities in America and the lack of trust between them. D-Fens is very racist towards the shopkeeper in this scene and he shows no respect for him when he marches in and asks for change without even having eye contact with the shopkeeper. D-Fens sees himself as being dominant over the Korean man and he sets the price of 50cents for the can of Coke and he takes control. He sees the immigrant as inferior to him because he is a WASP and he still has the ideals of the time before. D-Fens is racist because he mocks the Korean mans accent and the fact that he can't pronounce the ‘V' in five, then because the man is Asian he immediately assumes that he's Chinese and this is a typical ignorant view of an American who are traditionally insular in their views. This is shown again later on in the film when Prendergast immediately assumes that his fellow Japanese cop can understand the Korean man. When D-Fens finds out the man is Korean he says about the foreign aid that his country has given to Korea and he therefore feels that this man owes him and in saying ‘my country' he implies that the Korean man doesn't belong there. The image of the American flag is used once again in this scene when the container full of flags is smashed on the floor in a struggle between the two characters. This shows how immigrants feel that they have to be visibly patriotic towards America to fit in with society. The broken glass container could also be a symbol for how communities are now broken in America. Or it could symbolise how the American dream is broken for this shopkeeper and also significantly for D-Fens. D-Fens then says that he is â€Å"going to take prices back to 1965† before violently smashing up the shop. This period of time is what D-Fens associates with â€Å"home† because at this time WASPs were the dominating group in society and there was prejudice against other ethnic groups, this was a time when he felt accepted and valued in society and he was a happy family man living the American dream and this is a time he wants to return to. The Korean shopkeeper is obviously used to violence and robberies living in the area that he does because he gets on the floor and shouts â€Å"Take the money! this is seen as a major insult to D-Fens because he sees himself as middle-class and in his opinion robbery is a thing that poor working class people do. He also feels that he is justified in terrorising this shop because all he wanted was some change for the phone. This scene has been interpreted by many people as being racist and this is an understandable view because the Korean man is represented in a negative way. He is rude and scruffy whereas D-Fens is represented almost like a hero figure with traditional Hollywood hero lines and he appears to be fighting for consumer rights.

Properties and Functions of Money

Properties and Functions of Money Money is an important feature of virtually every economy. Without money, members of a society must rely on the barter system, or some other exchange program, in order to trade goods and services. Unfortunately, the barter system has an important downside in that it requires a double coincidence of wants. In other words, the two parties engaged in a trade must both want what the other is offering. This feature makes the barter system highly inefficient. For example, a plumber looking to feed his family would have to search out a farmer who needs plumbing work done on his house or farm. If such a farmer were not available, the plumber would have to figure out how to trade his services for something that the farmer wanted so that the farmer would be willing to sell food to the plumber. Luckily, money largely solves this problem. What Is Money? In order to understand much of macroeconomics, its crucial to have a clear definition of what money is. In general, people tend to use the term money as a synonym for wealth (e.g. Warren Buffett has a lot of money), but economists are quick to clarify that the two terms are not, in fact, synonymous. In economics, the term money is used specifically to refer to currency, which is, in most cases, not an individuals only source of wealth or assets. In most economies, this currency is in the form of paper bills and metal coins that the government has created, but technically anything can serve as money as long as it possesses three important properties. The Properties and Functions of Money The item serves as a medium of exchange. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be widely accepted as payment for goods and services. In this way, money creates efficiency because it eliminates uncertainty regarding what is going to be accepted as payment by various businesses.The item serves as a unit of account. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be the unit that prices, bank balances, etc. are reported in. Having a consistent unit of account creates efficiency since it would be pretty confusing to have the price of bread quoted as a number of fish, the price of fish quoted in terms of t-shirts, and so on.The item serves as a store of value. In order for an item to be considered money, it has to (to a reasonable degree) hold its purchasing power over time. This feature of money adds to efficiency because it gives producers and consumers flexibility in the timing of purchases and sales, eliminating the need to immediately trade ones income for goods a nd services. As these properties suggest, money was introduced to societies as a means of making economic transactions simpler and more efficient, and it mostly succeeds in that regard. In some situations, items other than officially designated currency have been used as money in various economies. For example, it used to be somewhat common in countries with unstable governments (and also in prisons) to use cigarettes as money, even though there was no official decree that cigarettes served that function. Instead, they became widely accepted as payment for goods and services and prices began to be quoted in the number of cigarettes rather than in official currency. Because cigarettes have a reasonably long shelf life, they do in fact serve the three functions of money. One important distinction between items that are officially designated as money by a government and items that become money by convention or popular decree is that governments will often pass laws stating what citizens can and cannot do with money. For example, it is illegal in the United States to do anything to money that makes the money unable to be further used as money. In contrast, there are no laws against burning cigarettes, aside from those banning smoking in public places of course.

The Real Meaning of a Labor Day in the United States

The Real Meaning of a Labor Day in the United States Labor Day: What it Means Have you ever known something special about the first Monday of September? Every year, it brings not only the beginning of the golden season of the year but a celebration of Labor Day. This day was created to honor all the working people in the country and all over the world. At this time, a national labor movement started to function in the USA, as well. Being persistent all year long, workers have a chance to enjoy a day for a rest. Nationwide people give gratitude to fortitude and powers of endurance of every single worker passionately discharging his or her obligations. The Holidays Adoption With each year, the government pays more attention to Labor Day. Therefore, it is a legal national holiday now. However, the situation was completely different before 1885. That days, the first bill was already elaborated but this proposal was not still accepted by the legislature. On February 21 in 1887 the Oregon authorities passed the law. Then, many states one by one took the same measures. Among them were: Massachusetts, Colorado, New York and New Jersey. Nebraska, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania followed only ten years after the bill was introduced to the government. Creator of Labor Day A century after Labor Day establishment, historians still argue about a person who came up with the idea of the holiday. There are some facts which witness Peter J. McGuire be one of the first initiators. He was a secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters, and Joiners and at the same time was an honorable member of the American Federation of Labor. Being active, McGuire took part in various social activities and has done a lot to promote the idea of Labor Day. How an Initial Celebration Was Held Previously, Central Labor Union developed a plan of the occasion. They have chosen New York to be the first city to meet the festivities. Starting from that time, 5th of September became a stable date of the day for all the states in America. Similar labor organizations step-by-step occurred in other states and worked out their strategies for civic activities and defending the rights of an average working man in the country. There is no doubt of the holidays significance. A century ago, people were persevering to get a right to live a fulfilling life. This holiday was a confirmation and remembrance of someone who spends his days and powers to invest in countrys economy and industry.

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez Essay

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez - Essay Example The manner in which each institution acts on the society is controlled by numerous factors. This is aimed at separating individuals who earn their income using unlawful means from ones who with legal sources of income. This is therefore what is represented by indigenous organizations. This separation is in regard to the geographic means since these institutions put into consideration areas with more security and ones with high crime rates. Normally, illegal groups live in the crime-ridden areas because they won't have to care about the police. This is due to the fact that there is no constant presence of police officers. On the other hand, social networks are organizations that aim at helping people to find jobs. One thing that is being noticed is that there are certain jobs which are exclusive to a certain ethnic-racial group since what really matters is the number of that group. The third institution, the local subculture, is responsible for controlling means through which a family gets aid (219). That is, the needs and mentality of the family are the main factors that will determine whether the family will be given the welfare’s aid or not. Usually, size and the role of each family member define the structure of the family. A neighborhood, ethnic group, and family structure are the other factors which influence these three institutions. First, the existence of police officers in certain neighborhoods provides the chance for the illegal networks to work away from police-view. Second, ethnicity is the major factor which the social networks put into consideration (who works where). This is acc ording to its assertion above that every certain race dominates certain kind of jobs. Furthermore, a big role is played by the family structure in the subcultures and determines the manner through which aid would be distributed among the members.

Science, enlightenment and politics, which was most important to your Essay

Science, enlightenment and politics, which was most important to your world - Essay Example Similar undercurrents of progressive thought were seen in the New World as well, most notably from such intellectuals such as Tom Paine and other proponents of American independence (Porter & Teich, 1981). The Enlightenment has had a profound impact on the cultural evolution of Western Europe in particular and the whole of the continent in general. A landmark piece of scholarship that turned the tables in favor of scientific reasoning is Newton’s analysis and description of natural physical phenomena. The immediate impact was discernible in written literature of the day, due to the scope of this medium of art (Brians, Paul, 1998). On the other hand, it took longer for ideas of the Enlightenment to penetrate into art forms such as music and painting due to the emphasis on traditionally acquired technique in these art forms. The Age of Enlightenment also gave birth to the neoclassical school of art, which found its highest expression in the Literature of the day. All forms of literature, ranging from prose, narrative verse, poetry, plays, etc were infused with newly discovered scientific truths and newly evolving systems of natural philosophy. Such luminaries as Alexander Pope, Phyllis Wheatley, Voltaire and Jonathan Swift among others were at the forefront of this paradigm change in socio-cultural expression. A special mention has to be made on the role of the Novel in this epoch making age. The broad scope of intellectual discourse offered by the Novel was utilized very cleverly and ingenuously by such writers as Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richarrdson, Henry Fielding, Aphra Behn, Fanny Burney, etc (Paul Brians, 1998). Given the revolutionary change in the cultural landscape that the Enlightenment affected, it is easy to see its relevance to the world of today. The field of enquiry where the ideas of the Enlightenment made radical changes was in the realm of political thought and systems of civil

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example For Jencks, Postmodernism hybridizes modernism by reweaving the recent modern past and local culture in to a single entity. He defines Postmodernism as the reaction against the monolithic architectural principles of Modernism. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture. It is a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture and is expressed with contextualism and with a collaborative use of modern as well local or historical or referential elements in design. In spite of its opposition to modernism, Postmodernism has its roots in modernism which as we know rejected all old Victorian ideals of how art should be made, interpreted and what it should mean. Architects tried to get away from the philosophical, ethical and formal dictation of the rationalism by a playful and ironical association with construction forms, architectural historical quotations and stylistically contamination and this eventually lead to Postmodernism. The movement largely has been a reaction to the orthodoxy, austerity, and formal absolutism of the International Style. Postmodernism describes the returning tendency of assembling organic narration and historical references in architectural designs by a process of assimilation and re-interpretation; the assimilation of the essence of historical works and reinterpreting the same in combination with the modernist style, thus creating a hybridized form of art. Hence Postmodern architecture is characterized by the incorporation of historical details in a hybrid rather than a pure style, by the use of decorative elements, by a more personal and exaggerated style, and by references to popular modes of building. This ty pe of architecture where reference and ornament have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles, has also been described as "neo-eclectic". This Post modernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. It is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, angles, and stylistic references. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture, a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture. Jencks was on of the first to transfer the term 'Post Modern' from literary expression, where it was first used in 1975 to architecture. And in this manner he is the first to theorize postmodernism from the perspective of architecture. Jencks and some other post-modernists believe that post-modernism really began to emerge in the counter-culture of the 1960s. In the West it was a period of questioning and challenging rules and norms, and of embracing spiritual and artistic modes from other cultures that had previously been ignored. According to Jencks's earlier definition, postmodernism describes anything that was build after 1972, the year in which the Pruitt-Igoe project in St Louis for low-income housing was eventually destroyed with dynamite. Jencks's Concept of Modernism and its Shortcomings Jencks claims that modern architecture developed from the interests of large corporations on account of the progress in